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Noob Coding

This is the repo of my notes. Now live on https://www.noobcoding.com/!
Goal
Teach: Try to develop a fast-learning process to help others grasp programming as quickly as possible. Focuses on speedrun so it does not guarantee insightful knowledge and is by no means comprehensive. However, some interesting stuff would be provided marked optional.
Teach Myself: Should be able to review or preview many important topics in our industry.
Improve: Since we are working in a fast-changing industry, the ability of fast-learning, or revolutionizing ourselves, is the most valuable asset in ourselves. Hopefully, a system of fast-learning could be established within this project.
Method
Pick any topic you want. But I would recommend (with bias):
For data scientists or anyone who wishes to learn AI (Trending): Python -> Big Data -> Machine Learning
For those who want to build a website: LNMP
For those who want to have some fun and see immediate feedback: Frontend
For students or those who wish to find jobs: Java -> LeetCode
For architects: PowerPoint
For architects who want to write some real code besides PowerPoints: C++/Java -> Search Engine/Distributed Systems
Basic
Effectiveness
A few tips and tools to boost development effectiveness.
Environment: Instead of working as root with too much privilege and too many folders, I prefer creating several linux users to seperately manage projects when I get my hands on a new machine.
sudo adduser ocean
sudo passwd ocean
# Then add line `ocean ALL=(ALL) ALL` in `/etc/sudoers` to enable `sudo` command
Next time log in as 'ocean' and start messing around.
Command Line: The simplest way to improve command line usability is to modify the ~/.bashrc file. Always add your working directory as aliases or use bashmarks.
​.bashrc PS1 generator is a good site to create useful bash prompt style. My favourite:
function git-branch-name {
    git symbolic-ref HEAD 2>/dev/null | cut -d"/" -f 3
}
​
function git-branch-prompt {
    local branch=`git-branch-name`
    if [ $branch ]; then printf " [%s]" $branch; fi
}
export PS1="\[\033[38;5;11m\]\u\[$(tput sgr0)\]\[\033[38;5;15m\]@\h:\[$(tput sgr0)\]\[\033[38;5;6m\]\w\[$(tput sgr0)\]\[\033[38;5;2m\]\$(git-branch-prompt)\[$(tput sgr0)\]\[\033[38;5;14m\]:\[$(tput sgr0)\]\[\033[38;5;15m\] \[$(tput sgr0)\]"
And some useful aliases:
alias psgrep='ps -eo pid,lstart,cmd | grep -v grep | grep --color'
alias grep='grep --color'
alias zhcn='export LANG=zh_CN.GBK;export LC_ALL=zh_CN.GBK;export LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.GBK'
alias enus='export LANG=en_US.UTF-8;export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8;export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8'
alias ..='cd ..'
alias ...='cd ..; cd ..'
alias ....='cd ..; cd ..; cd ..'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
​
# This pull or push from master branch. You might need to change this.
alias pull='git pull origin master'
alias push='git push origin master'
alias cm='git commit -m '
Vim: I use The Ultimate vimrc with some personal settings in ~/.vim_runtime/vimrcs/my_configs.vim:
set gcr=a:blinkon0
set cursorline
set cuc
Samba/FTP
Useful Commands
df -h    # Machine overall disk usage
du -sh * # File and folder size at current folder
Version Control
Install git: sudo yum install git If you are using CentOS, other checkout git download page​
Setting up git:
# remove --global if you are configuring different user for different project.
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
git config --list
Github user: There are two kinds of url to clone your project: HTTPS and SSH. I recommend (the SSH way)[https://help.github.com/en/github/using-git/which-remote-url-should-i-use#cloning-with-ssh-urls] since it helps you type your Github password less in the future:
Get your local SSH keys:
ls -al ~/.ssh # check if you already have one
# if not:
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "[email protected]" # and hit enter all the way
Add your private SSH key to the ssh-agent:
eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
Add your public SSH key to your Github account:
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
# Then copy the content
# and add to Github: Settings -> SSH and GPG keys -> click New SSH key -> put in the 'key' field->click Add SSH key
For each project, use a .gitignore file to avoid submitting sensitive/large/unwanted files to git: https://github.com/github/gitignore​
Github
How to insert equation on github:
​https://alexanderrodin.com/github-latex-markdown/, https://gist.github.com/a-rodin/fef3f543412d6e1ec5b6cf55bf197d7b​
​https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11256433/how-to-show-math-equations-in-general-githubs-markdownnot-githubs-blog​
Java
Grasp Java Programming in a few days with a simple online tutorial.
Installation
Download JDK (I would recommend Java SE Development Kit 8) from the Oracle website.
​Fundamentals​
Java Development Kit > Java Runtime Environment > Java Virtual Machine
.java -> $javac -> .class -> $java
​Data types​
byte, short, int, long: 1, 2, 4, 8 byte(s) length integer
float and double: 4, 8 byte(s) length decimal(6/7 decimal digits, 15 decimal digits). Always suffix float value with the "f" else compiler will consider it as double
double num1 = 22.4;
float num2 = 22.4f;
char: 2 bytes length 
boolean: true and false with lowercase initials
Non-primitive: Arrays and Strings
"Unique" Grammer
Enhanced for loop:
String arr[]={"hi","hello","bye"};
for (String str : arr) {
     System.out.println(str);
}
do-while loop
Object-Oriented Programming
this.
Inheritance: With extends. Multiple inheritance is not allowed in Java.
class A extends B
{
}
Polymorphism: Apart from method overriding, Java allowed method overloading within a class using different method signature (same method name, different parameters).
class DisplayOverloading
{
    public void disp(char c)
    {
         System.out.println(c);
    }
    public void disp(char c, int num)
    {
         System.out.println(c + " "+num);
    }
}
Abstract Method: Method with only signature no body (declared but not defined) or declared using the abstract keyword.
abstract public void playInstrument();
The class that inherits must provide the implementation of all the abstract methods of parent class else declare the subclass as abstract.
These methods cannot be abstract: Constructors, Static methods, Private methods, Methods that are declared "final".
Abstract Class: An abstract class outlines the methods but not necessarily implements all the methods.
abstract class A{
    abstract void myMethod();
    void anotherMethod(){
         //Does something
    }
}
Cannot be instantiated.
A class derived from the abstract base class must implement those methods that are not implemented(means they are abstract) in the abstract class.
Interface: With interface.
Interface Interface1 
{
    String a;
    void b();
}
//...
class ClassName extends Superclass implements Interface1, Interface2
Can contain only constants and abstract methods.
Cannot be instantiated.
Can only be implemented by classes or extended by other interfaces.
Java does not support Multiple Inheritance, however a class can implement more than one interfaces.
All methods in an interface are implicitly public and abstract. Using the keyword abstract before each method is optional.
An interface may contain final variables.
When a class implements an interface it has to give the definition of all the abstract methods of interface, else it can be declared as abstract class.
An interface reference can point to objects of its implementing classes.
Access Specifiers: public/private/protected/Default(Package Level scope)
C++
Also, start with any tutorial like this one from cplusplus.com. But you should realize that C++ IS HARD, because it's both old and powerful.
Useful tips:
string null terminated: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4711449/what-does-the-symbol-0-mean-in-a-string-literal​
Many ways to loop on every character of a string: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9438209/for-every-character-in-string​
Various way to init a 2D array: https://www.techiedelight.com/initialize-two-dimensional-vector-cpp/​
String to int: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16826422/c-most-efficient-way-to-convert-string-to-int-faster-than-atoi, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/194465/how-to-parse-a-string-to-an-int-in-c​
There is no empty char: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18410234/how-does-one-represent-the-empty-char​
Full Stack Dev
Limit on url length (that affects the lengths of your GET uri and parameters unless you know what you are doing): unbounded. But being less than 2000 char would be most compatible. source.
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Last modified 3yr ago